Essay Topics From the Mondays With Morrie Newsletter

<h1>Essay Topics From the Mondays With Morrie Newsletter</h1><p>Tuesdays with Morrie is a free bulletin that highlights scholars from around the nation and the world, with an essential spotlight on points that are all comparable to the topic of the TV appear. In case you're scanning for an exposition subject to compose, you will have the option to discover a few that are composed by notable experts who have dedicated their lives to composing and their craft.</p><p></p><p>What do you have to think about the assignments offered in the Tuesdays with Morrie Newsletter? The vast majority of the points are very not the same as the typical paper. Most journalists are approached to make a novel that covers a wide scope of themes, from legislative issues to instruction to expressions and sports.</p><p></p><p>This might be probably the most ideal approaches to begin in the realm of research for your next task since it offers you a chance to take a gander at subject thoughts that you could never discover in books or on paper. The sort of paper points that are offered are many, which makes it a lot simpler for a hopeful essayist to pick one that is very much like what they're as of now doing.</p><p></p><p>Many scholars have their thoughts regarding composing and finding out about key ideas on life. The articles that are accessible are similarly as various as the subjects that journalists decide to expound on. An author can think of a style recorded as a hard copy that covers them with profound comprehension and insight.</p><p></p><p>If you're keen on finishing a task that manages your preferred subject, similar to history, at that point you can decide to compose an exposition that is intended to be perused completely so you can completely comprehend the data that you read. The subjects and expositions that are remembered for the Tuesdays with Morrie Newsletter make certain to leave you with some extraordinary data that will permit you to all the more likely comprehend everything that is being said.</p><p></p><p>It is ideal on the off chance that you compose an article from your essayist's note pad. You can utilize this technique recorded as a hard copy each and every thing down on paper. By beginning a decent framework, you will have the option to have a rule with respect to what to compose, to what extent it ought to be, and even how to organize the substance of the article to make it simple to read.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you can likewise add pictures to a bit of writing to make something that will grab the eye of perusers in an online diary. Regardless of whether you're not ready to think of a great story thought or idea for your article, you will have the option to fuse an image into the piece that makes certain to make you increasingly alluring to perusers. This could really work to furt her your potential benefit in the end.</p><p></p><p>At the day's end, composing from the creative mind originates from a similar spot as exploring expositions for the different paper points on Tuesdays with Morrie. This is the best method to make your article stand apart from the crowd.</p>

A Secret Weapon for Help on My Papers

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How to Write a Research Paper in Six Steps

Instructions to Write a Research Paper in Six StepsThe procedure of composing an exploration paper and utilizing an example inquire about paper postulation ought to be basic enough that anybody can do it. Most research is finished by understudies, and in the event that your teacher doesn't request that you compose an exploration paper, at that point the remainder of your undertaking will be a breeze.It is exceptionally simple to become involved with the subtleties and dismiss the 10,000 foot view, so it is critical to locate an itemized examine test that shows all the various pieces of the paper. One case of an exploration test utilized by understudies and research associates is the typescript, which they use to take a gander at the format of the paper. The understudy will compose their own paper from this configuration, and the exploration right hand will help them write.A examine test is an essential piece of the venture since it gives a reference point to the essayist. There are o ther reference sources, yet these two are normally the first to vanish, particularly if the understudy isn't utilizing them enough. A decent postulation editorial manager will never remove that from you.A explore test incorporates various pieces of the examination paper, and here and there it will incorporate only one segment. It is critical to compose the different areas of the exploration paper as per what should be incorporated. An article, similar to the example explore paper proposition, is unique in relation to an examination report, which is a composed report on a specific point. Research tests can likewise be utilized for investigate reports, and they offer an alternate edge on a particular issue, for example, infection prevention.In expansion to the various parts, there are areas that aren't utilized so a lot, or that aren't required. These are clarified in the example look into paper theory that is given to the understudy. This implies the understudy won't need to be worri ed about passing up a great opportunity anything.Of course, the understudy should take notes while composing the first research, and they may need to take notes in transit the analyst sets up the reference graphs. The postulation editorial manager will have the option to control the understudy all through the paper. Their insight into the theme will be valuable as well.To figure out composing an examination paper, think about composing an example proposal. It will enable you to comprehend what is normal from you when you are doing the genuine composition. In the event that you are composing for a test, it will assist you with seeing how much time and exertion you should give to it. It will give you a thought of how the teacher will review it, which can assist you with feeling progressively great about the work you are doing.A look into paper is a significant piece of the class that will be assessed by the educator and different understudies. The information introduced in the theory will assist the teacher with deciding whether the understudy is prepared to proceed onward and attempt to get a degree or an advanced education.

The Fire Science Research Paper Topics Pitfall

<h1> The Fire Science Research Paper Topics Pitfall </h1> <h2>The Importance of Fire Science Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>When handling science investigate subjects, it's extraordinary to get familiar with the time allotment the exploration paper may be and what time should be approached to begin and finish the examination paper. You have to compose a minumum of one research paper in a semester for a large portion of the subjects. An exploration paper should be exact and dependent on demonstrated realities. The more you understand the less complex it's for you to create a flourishing examination paper. </p> <h2>How to Choose Fire Science Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>If increasingly an awesome arrangement exists. After you get the brief, endeavor to address the scholastic organization with the help of various free internet composing guides. In the event that you despite everything have issues with point choice, don't stop for a second to demand help at GradeMiners. 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The really stunning news are that there are so much regions which were concentrated just quickly, in this manner it's consistently a possiblity to procure a disclosure. The cultivating business' effect on the environmental factors. </p> <p>The whole research ought to be built around or from this issue. It's conceivable to be stretched out a subject to compose on or it is conceivable to be given the decision to pick a point for your science explore paper. You should be sure to comprehend everything obviously once you select a paper subject. In case you're keen on some particular point or have enthusiasm to consider it, than most likely you ought to compose a paper on such theme. </p> <p>Make utilizing the recommended inquire about paper point thoughts and you'll be prosperous. At the point when you get a theme, the best technique to appreciate and deal with the subject is to deliver the point your own. For certain understudies, an assortment of point is the simplest part. Dedicate some time to complete some foundation inquire about regarding the matter. </p> <h2>The Upside to Fire Science Research Paper Topics </h2> <p>There are huge issues with the manner in which our current society uses and misuses our overall home. In case you're expounding on social issues, you will typically be expounding on the manner in which the subject influences bigger gatherings of individuals, similar to how neediness influences an entire age. Now and again disputable issues can be captivating to investigate. Inquiring about any issue about government or laws can get overpowering in view of the multifaceted design of the issues and even because of the wo rding of some laws.</p> <p>There's notable that you won't can compose an extraordinary adroit research paper in case you're not inspired by the subject by and large and in the subject explicitly. Thinking of a solitary school science research paper subject can once in a while be somewhat dubious. To reduce pressure when composing an examination paper, you should make certain to have picked the right point. These themes will be useful for people who need to form articles about the subject referenced above looking like an ordinary activity. </p> <p>If you are scanning for top article composing organizations, give a shot the referenced previously. The equivalent is valid for composing. Subsequently, every paper must be composed cautiously. Composing an examination paper despite the fact that may seem testing is a significant bit of routine understudy life. </p> <h2> What You Can Do About Fire Science Research Paper Topics Starting in the Next 5 Minutes</h2> <p>You do library and Internet explore so you can procure a forecast of what will happen in your test, and whether that expectation is correct or wrong, you'll have the information to appreciate what prompted the conduct you watched. 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Techniques for Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples That Only the Experts Know About

<h1> Techniques for Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples That Only the Experts Know About </h1> <p>Descriptive paper tests can assist you with composing a depiction of tactile subtleties which are a basic part of illustrative composition. Notwithstanding what type you might want Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your necessities. </p> <p>You may likewise peruse your exposition to different people to get their criticism. There are 20 themes underneath that might be advantageous for you. A significant assortment of spellbinding article proposals and themes are accessible here. To begin, you must have a subject. </p> <p>The above is critical on the grounds that the creator should focus on the focuses they will remember for each of. Expressive articles about a spot are regular since when alluding to a specific spot it isn't unexpected to endeavor to make an encounter for your peruser. 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Portray the ideal spot that you long for in such a manner by which the peruser can picture that, as well. Portray an area where you really have a sense of security and ensured. One more thing it's conceivable to depict is a specific spot or article that you have solid emotions about. </p> <h2> The One Thing to Do for Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples </h2> <p>The jargon of every individual has been separated into latent and dynamic. Regardless of whether you req uire spellbinding composing instances of an individual, spot, or feeling you will require an extraordinary guide to follow. Depict reflections like character qualities just insofar since you can watch them. Character characteristics can be trying to compose for a character. </p> <h2>The Ideal Strategy for Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples </h2> <p>Next, utilizing a specialist to make an article for you can assist you with bettering your scholastic result. Composing an incredible engaging paper is essentially giving an exhaustive clarification of a particular element or marvel. There are heaps of paper composing administrations that believe they're the absolute best, and in this manner don't be cheated and check the genuine assortment of the very best.</p> <p>Furthermore, it is conceivable to likewise investigate our Argumentative Essay formats. Formats like Descriptive Essay about Office can be gainful for somebody who's wanting to stop by an office. </p> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples Is Wrong</h2> <p>Descriptive composing is simple and troublesome at the indistinguishable time, particularly in case you're a first year recruit. Tests gracefully you with an opportunity to tie down nearer to the style and structure that is typically valued by guides. </p> <p>Examine the source wherein you have found the example. The announcement capacities as the initial sentence and sets out the way data transfers in the rest of the exposition. A depiction might be just a passage, or it might be longer, varying to absolutely portray the thing. </p> <h2> How to Choose Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples</h2> <p>When you may peruse a clear article test, you can gain from the absolute best. The happening to the paper must be in the present tense and uncover what things to expect in the rest of the post. It is basic that we sparkle in the range of our paper. </p> <p>You as of now comprehend what an engaging article is and the best approach to start. Try not to freeze on the off chance that you can't get your clear exposition right. A distinct article is a concise paper that is tied in with portraying or summing up a subject. It permits a peruser to comprehend the paper's subject utilizing illustrative language. </p> <h2> Details of Free Descriptive Essay Samples and Examples</h2> <p>Descriptive Essay on Market can be utilized by voyagers or guests that don't have any earlier comprehension of a commercial center. The earth was not definitely the most secure for everybody to walk the boulevards. Well known subjects join an individual or a spot, an encounter or memory and significantly more! A huge number of individuals hit the boulevards every day to get the opportunity to carry out the responsibility. </p> <p>If you are needing a reliable source with scholarly examples, you're at the best possible spot ! In any event, when you have never been to it is possible that, you have watched pictures. You may be keen on including a few subtleties on the off chance that you require enlightening something all the more concerning your essential article. 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Claire Giving Haley A College Essay Idea

<h1>Claire Giving Haley A College Essay Idea</h1><p>Claire gives Haley a school article thought. I love this one. At the point when you're meeting for occupations, you generally need to attempt to get into one of the top schools in the country.</p><p></p><p>I don't intend to seem like a complainer since it's not my goal, yet I'm sick of being dismissed from top schools. I comprehend what it is that individuals are experiencing the extent that cash and grants go. I've attempted to get awards for my tutoring and grant cash for books, yet they have turned me down on various events. Following quite a while of joining in and falling flat, I chose to do some genuine learning about how to win these grants for college.</p><p></p><p>When I was pondering Claire's school article thought, I understood that I was truly ailing in look into abilities. It's all very well having great research aptitudes when you're an essayist, yet hav ing the option to think quick and act quick in a meeting is something else inside and out. To put it plainly, I have to get familiar with talking aptitudes. I started to do some examination on meeting procedures, how to utilize great language, and things of that nature.</p><p></p><p>Now I have a couple of decisions here. In the event that you need to utilize a meeting method to win your grants, at that point you ought to most likely keep away from the more straightforward inquiries at all costs. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you have to compose a powerful exposition on an interesting issue for your school then you'll be in an ideal situation responding to the harder inquiries. Furthermore, I surely concur with Claire that this article thought would work extraordinary for a hotly debated issue like the sort of understudies you concentrate with and what kind of guardians you have.</p><p></p><p>For the later inquiry you can wa ger that your folks will be raising something that they are energetic about. You can utilize that in your paper since it will be an intriguing issue. On the off chance that your folks have children in a similar program, at that point they will raise something about your program since you're both keen regarding that matter. Be that as it may, in the event that you aren't connected, you should expound on something different. In any case, this sort of paper composing doesn't set aside much effort to do.</p><p></p><p>One other tip to assist you with Claire's school article thought is to be forceful in your examination. You ought to utilize inquire about as an apparatus to assist you with this venture. In the event that you don't have the foggiest idea about a great deal about some specific subject, don't spare a moment to Google it.</p><p></p><p>And now to wrap up with Claire's school paper thought. Take the necessary steps to put yourself out there. Never conceal your character from your professor.</p><p></p><p>Tell them what sort of understudy you are and the kind of grant that they may have the option to assist you with. Be straightforward and never decorate reality. Your article can help get you the grant and the cash you deserve.</p>

Definitions of Top 10 Essay Topics

<h1> Definitions of Top 10 Essay Topics </h1> <h2> The New Angle On Top 10 Essay Topics Just Released </h2> <p>Despite the way that you're simply starting to create articles, you shouldn't battle endeavoring to consider something to talk about. Expounding on atomic weapons is constantly a heavenly thought. All the time it gets intense to pick one specific point either by virtue of the numerous thoughts in the understudy's head, or because of their total nonappearance. On the other side, some contend that the cost of school leaves understudies with devastating obligation they'll never be able to repay.</p> <h2>The War Against Top 10 Essay Topics </h2> <p>The second thing that you should deal with once you pick the title is to keep up as a main priority five types of contention claims. Ideally, it should be something which you're a specialist in. The perfect thing is to choose a theme that will give you a chance to introduce new tho ughts or a new point of view on an issue. A particular title will catch the enthusiasm of the peruser and improve your likelihood of getting a high score.</p> <h2> The Dirty Truth About Top 10 Essay Topics</h2> <p>There are a few enticing article subjects to choose from to complete your secondary school or school task. Luckily, universities will contemplate you if you decide to fuse your adoration for writing in your paper. To create a solid pugnacious article, understudies should begin by acclimating themselves with some of the normal, and as often as possible clashing, positions on the exploration subject so they can compose an informed paper. They are utilized to the way that their educators give them the task's subject. </p> <h2>The Battle Over Top 10 Essay Topics and How to Win It </h2> <p>An contentious exposition is a specific sort of scholarly composition. Additionally, in-content references will introduce your attention to the different papers positions. Since you may see, there's a plenty of various factious paper titles it is conceivable to use. </p> <p>1 significant thing that you ought to do when composing your paper is to assist it with getting individual. Normally, you need to start composing. Rather than just quickly expounding on your factious article point, you initially need to consider what it is that you are probably going to return on your paper through a strategy of conceptualizing and pre-composing. A contentious paper is a piece of the influence. </p> <h2>Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Top 10 Essay Topics </h2> <p>You may locate there's a convincing contention for learning another dialect all things considered! At the point when you are done with your exposition, you should not simply check it for spelling and syntactic blunders, yet by the by, it additionally must be checked for intelligent paradoxes. It is critical to pick a minumum of one model and make a section with the counter-contention as well. You should have the option to utilize convincing language. </p> <p>You must research your point to choose three cases. Your answer shouldn't be a book report. Who knowsthe reaction to that question might be the establishment for your confirmation essay.</p> <p>On-line help from master authors will assist you with sparing you an a lot of time. You may utilize a few models that can be found on the internet at no expense. The article is effectively among the most irksome segments of the school application approach. Application expositions about difficulties uncover how you react to trouble to people who are very keen on how you'll deal with the resulting four years all on your own.</p> <h2>Up in Arms About Top 10 Essay Topics? </h2> <p>To guard your subject, you may review the impact of over-burden plan on school grades. Educational plan proposition points is a way to attempt. For example, a humanism educator may gracefully a general theme like the impacts of neediness in urban conditions. The manners in whi ch understudies should be instructed about their prosperity. </p> <p>Categories, article points might be separated into. Before you start, it is basic to pick points that you really know well. Prior to examining the top of the line useful paper subjects, it is important to ask what makes an extraordinary theme. Exploring the subject will empower you to discover progressively about what captivates you, and should you pick something you genuinely like, composing the exposition will be more enjoyable.</p> <p>The possibly rule to follow when picking a point for your school exposition is to choose the theme you're anxious to expound on. You will be relegated a subject, or your educator will allow you to choose your own. In certain cases, the school will give a paper theme for you. While understudies may at first appreciate choosing a paper subject, they before long comprehend that the assurance of article point thoughts can be to some degree troublesome. </p> <p>Good enticing exposition subjects must be convincing. Moral pugnacious paper themes are a couple of the most straightforward to lose it with. Picking subjects for contentious articles is significant for your general achievement. Late contentious exposition themes that are identified with society is going to do.</p>

Research Paper Topics For Ob Nursing

Research Paper Topics For Ob NursingOne of the things that you will find in a good school or university's research paper topics for nursing degrees is the reality that there are a lot of opportunities for you to take advantage of. Some of these are more advantageous than others and for that reason, you should know what the advantages and disadvantages are. It is something that you will have to evaluate before you decide what direction you want to go.There are several ways that you can use to help with your research paper topics for ob nursing. One of them is to take the time to get a writing sample done by someone else and compare it to what you will be writing. It is quite simple to do, and will be very beneficial for you.When you take the time to get a writing sample of someone else who is writing on the topic of research paper topics for or nursing, you will be able to see what will be different from their written work. You can ask them to explain their method so that you can see how they do it. This will give you an idea of what to expect when it comes to the style and flow of your own work.Other ways that you can use when it comes to researching and writing about research paper topics for ob nursing is to actually look for tips and techniques that are being used by other people who have already gone through the program. You can also use these suggestions as a guideline, but to be honest with you, you will probably need to implement these methods yourself. It will be a process that takes some time, but it is well worth it when you realize just how many steps you are going to have to take in order to get your own degree.The last thing that you will want to remember when you are trying to figure out your own research paper topics for ob nursing is to keep in mind that you need to have a plan for your studies as soon as you can. You will want to make sure that you go over all of your classes as they come up, and you will want to make sure that you begin workin g on your clinical experiences as soon as possible. You do not want to be one of those people who have to put the project off, so make sure that you put everything into motion as soon as possible.The first part of this is very important, and when you are able to get everything organized and straightened out before you even have to begin anything else, you will be surprised at just how easy this will be. The next part is the clinical experience, and you will want to make sure that you take this seriously because you do not want to run into any problems later on. You will want to remember that it is not going to be easy, and you will need to prepare yourself for this to happen.In the end, the important thing that you want to remember is that you are going to have to take the time to research a variety of research paper topics for ob nursing. It is not going to be easy to get all of your projects together, but you will be able to see more clearly why they will be harder if you take the time to research each one. It will be a process that you are going to be in for a while, but you should make sure that you are ready to do it.As you are trying to research a variety of research paper topics for or nursing, you will have to remember that you will not be able to take it very easy. You will be able to get through it, but you will be responsible for it all, and that is the only way that you are going to be able to get through it.

Essay Topics For Middle School - What Are Some Personal Essay Topics?

Essay Topics For Middle School - What Are Some Personal Essay Topics?There are many good and sometimes very good ideas when it comes to essay topics for middle school. However, the most important thing that you need to understand is that a personal essay needs to be the true reflection of your character and ability to answer the questions on the test.All you need to remember is that your essay should not be something that is created out of your own imagination. It should be something that is based on information from real life experiences. One of the best ways to do this is to make use of some of the more popular essays for middle school that are available online.As you can imagine, most middle school students are given a lot of homework in a day and because of this a lot of times they end up throwing it away. The majority of these are due dates and that's why if you want to use something such as this for your personal essay you need to come up with something that is relevant to that date. Not all personal essays are going to be due on the same date but you still need to make sure that you've made the most of your time and that you have plenty of free time.The best way to make sure that you are writing something that is both interesting and relevant is to look at some of the essays for middle school that are available online. Most of them will consist of topics such as sports, math, politics, and other subjects that are important to students.Making use of the experiences that you have will definitely help to make your essay easier to write. In addition to that you also need to make sure that you don't overdo things. Make sure that you aren't trying to make a point that is either too trivial or too big.It's often a mistake for students to use personal essay topics for middle school that are based on facts rather than opinions. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't use facts, it just means that you need to put your personal opinions and feelings into the words tha t you use. Keep in mind that opinions and feelings are different.When it comes to writing a personal essay, you need to know that it is a lot more about you than anything else. A lot of writers and editors will make the mistake of just using facts to make their case for the opinion piece. That's not how it should be done.

Analysis Of Samuel Wallace s Unfinished Business

Unfinished Business Samuel Wallace was tired of being humiliated and degraded by his boss, Mr. Marin, so one Monday, Samuel killed him. Samuel had worked for Mr. Marin for 10 years, and had never once been told thank you. The closest he ever got was a grunt when the morning coffee he prepared wasn’t warm enough or the tax receipts weren’t in two weeks in advance. After months of intolerable lecturing, Samuel decided that on the 10th anniversary of his joining the firm, he would stab his boss. The plan was simple. Too simple. As if, subconsciously, it had been taking shape for a long time. His 10th anniversary was on a Monday. Fortunately, that was the day that Mr. Marin spent alone in his office all morning. He played blackjack with†¦show more content†¦He had to keep reminding himself that everything must appear to be normal. With all of his strength, Samuel tried to force himself to focus on his work. However, he couldn’t stop his hands from shaking as he finalized the details of the Jacobson merger. Mr. Marin, right on cue, came in at eight and asked Emily, his assistant, to take all of his phone calls and leave him alone as he would be very busy all morning. As he was entering his office, he turned his eye to Samuel and sneered, â€Å"I need to talk to you after lunch.† Samuel nodded, noticing the pause in the surrounding staff, which indicated that they had heard his remark. At twelve, Samuel packed his briefcase and walked over to the reception, alerting Miranda that he would be leaving for lunch and would be back at one. Miranda nodded, disinterested. Samuel then walked to the fire escape, however that day, instead of beginning his descent, he placed his briefcase in the inside of the door and headed towards Mr. Marin’s office. Closing his fist tightly, Samuel raised his trembling limb and lightly knocked on the wooden office door, one, two, three times. No answer, but he didn’t exactly expect one. Silently, Samuel reached for the metal doorknob, around which he had carefully wrapped a handkerchief. He wasn’t going to leave any fingerprints behind. Samuel entered the office and locked the door after him. Behind a huge

Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups free essay sample

80 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW By now, most executives have accepted that emotional intelligence is as critical as IQ to an individuals effectiveness. But much of the important work in organizations is done in teams. New research uncovers what emotional intelligence at the group level looks like-and how to achieve it Building the Emotioncil Intelligence of Groups W by Vanessa Urch Druskat and Steven B. Wolff HEN MANAGERS EIRST STARTED HEARING ABOUT the concept of emotional intelligence in the 1990s, scales fell from their eyes. The basic message, that effectiveness in organizations is at least as much about EQ as IQ, resonated deeply; it was something that people knew in their guts but that had never before been so well articulated. Most important, the idea held the potential for positive change. Instead of being stuck with the hand theyd been dealt, people could take steps to enhance their emotional intelligence and make themselves more effective in their work and personal lives. Indeed, the concept of emotional intelligence had real impact. The only problem is that so far emotional intelligence has been viewed only as an individual competency, when the reality is that most work in organizations is done by teams. And if managers have one pressing need today, its to find ways to make teams work better. MARCH 2001 81 Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups It is with real excitement, therefore, that we share these findingsfromour research: individual emotional intelligence has a group analog, and it is just as critical to groups effectiveness. Teams can develop greater emotional intelligence and, in so doing, boost their overall performance. Why Should Teams Build Their Emotional Intelligence? No one would dispute the importance of making teams work more effectively. But most research about how to do so has focused on identifying the task processes that distinguish the most successftil teams-that is, specifying the need for cooperation, participation, commitment to goals, and so forth. The assumption seems to be that, once identified, these processes can simply be imitated by other teams, with similar effect. Its not true. By analogy, think of it this way: a piano student can be taught to play Minuet in G, but he wont become a modem-day Bach without knowing music theory and being able to play with heart. Similarly, the real source of a great teams success lies in the fundamental conditions that allow effective task processes to emerge-and that cause members to engage in them wholeheartedly. Our research tells us that three conditions are essential to a groups effectiveness: trust among members, a sense of group identity, and a sense of group efficacy. When these conditions are absent, going through the motions of cooperating and participating is still possible. But the team will not be as effective as it could be, because members will choose to hold back rather than fully engage. To be most effective, the team needs to create emotionally intelligent norms -the attitudes and behaviors that eventually become habits-that support behaviors for building trust, group identity, and group efficacy. The outcome is complete engagement in tasks. {For more on how emotional intelligence infiuences these conditions, see the sidebar A Model of Team Effectiveness. ) at more levels. To understand the differences, lets first look at the concept of individual emotional intelligence as defined by Daniel Goleman. In his definitive book Emotional Intelligence, Goleman explains the chief characteristics of someone with high El; he or she is aware of emotions and able to regulate them-and this awareness and regulation are directed both inward, to ones se lf, and outward, to others. Personal competence, in Golemans words, comes from being aware of and regulating ones own emotions. Social competenceis awareness and regulation of others emotions. A group, however, must attend to yet another level of awareness and regulation. It must be mindful of the emotions of its members, its own group emotions or moods, and the emotions of other groups and individuals outside its boundaries. In this article, well explore how emotional incompetence at any of these levels can cause dysfunction. Well also show how establishing specific group norms that create awareness and regulation of emotion at these three levels can lead to better outcomes. First, well focus on the individual level-how emotionally intelligent groups work with their individual members emotions. Next, well focus on the group level. Andfinally,well look at the cross-boimdary level. Working with Individuals Emotions /(†¢// Kasper, head ofher companys customer service department, is naturally tapped tojoin a new cross-functional team focused on enhancing the customer experience: she has extensive experience in and a real passion for customer service. But her teammatesfind she brings little more than a bad attitude to the table. At an early brainstorming session, Jill sits silent, arms crossed, rolling her eyes. Whenever the team starts to get energized about an idea, she launches into a detailed account of how a similar idea went nowhere in the past. The group is confused: this is the customer service star theyve been hearing about? Little do they realize shefeels insulted by the very formation of the team. To her, it implies she hasnt done her job well enough. Three Levels of Emotional Interaction Make no mistake: a team with emotionally intelligent members does not necessarily make for an emotionally intelligent group. A team, like any social group, takes on its own character. So creating an upward, self-reinforcing spiral of trust, group identity, and group efficacy requires more than a few members who exhibit emotionally intelligent behavior. It requires a team atmosphere in which the norms build emotional capacity (the ability to respond constructively in emotionally uncomfortable situations) and influence emotions in constructive ways. Team emotional intelligence is more complicated than individual emotional intelligence because teams interact 82 When a member is not on the same emotional wavelength as the rest, a team needs to be emotionally intelligent vis-ci-vis that individual. In part, that simply means being aware of the problem. Having a norm that encourages interpersonal understanding might facilitate an awareness that Jill is acting out of defensiveness. And picking up on this defensiveness is necessary if the team Vanessa Urch Druskat is an assistant professor of organizational behavior at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. Steven B. Wolff is an assistant professor of management at the School of Management at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, New York. HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups A Model of Team Effectiveness better decisions, more creative solutions, higher productivity study after study has shown that teams are more creative and productive when they can achieve high levels of participation, cooperation, and collaboration among members. But interactive behaviors (ike these arent easy to legislate. Our work shows that tbree basic conditions need to be present before such behaviors can occur: mutual trust among members, a sense of group identity (a feeling among members that they belong to a unique and worthwhile group), and a sense of group efficacy (the beliefthat the team can perform well and that group members are more effective working together than apart). At the heart of these three conditions are emotions. Trust, a sense of identity, and a feeling of efficacy arise in environments where emotion is well handled, so groups stand to benefit by building their emotional intelligence. Group emotional intelligence isnt a question of dealing with a necessary evil-catching emotions as they bubble up and promptly suppressing them. Far from it. Its about bringing emotions deliberately to the surface and understanding how they affect the teams work. Its also about behaving in ways that build relationships both inside and outside the team and that strengthen tbe teams ability to face challenges. Emotional intelligence means exploring, embracing, and ultimately relying on emotion in work that is, at the end ofthe day, deeply human. articipation, cooperation, collaboration trust, identity, efficacy group emotional intelligence wants to make her imderstand its desire to amplify her good work, not negate it. Some teams seem to be able to do this naturally. At Hewlett-Packard, for instance, we learned of a team that was attempting to cross-train its members. The idea was that if each member could pinch-hit on everyone elses job, the team could deploy efforts to whatever task required the most attention. But one member seemed very uncomfortable with learning new skills and tasks; accustomed to being a top producer in his own job, he hated not knowing how to do a job perfectly. Luckily, his teammates recognized his discomfort, and rather than being annoyed, they redoubled their efforts to support him. This team benefited from a group norm it had established over time emphasizing interpersonal understanding. The norm had grown out of the groups realization that working to accurately hear and understand one anothers feelings and concerns improved member morale and a willingness to cooperate. Many teams build high emotional intelligence by taking pains to consider matters from an individual members perspective. Think of a situation where a team of four must reach a decision; three favor one direction and the fourth favors another. In the interest of expedience, many teams in this situation would move directly to a maMARCH 2001 jority vote. But a more emotionally intelligent group would pausefirstto hear out the objection. It would also ask if everyone were completely behind the decision, even if there appeared to be consensus. Such groups would ask, Are there any perspectives we havent heard yet or thought through completely? Perspective taking is a team behavior that teamwork experts discuss often but not in terms of its emotional consequence. Many teams are trained to use perspectivetaking techniques to make decisions or solve problems (a common tool is affinity diagramming). But these techniques may or may not improve a groups emotional intelligence. The problem is that many of these techniques consciously attempt to remove emotion from the process by collecting and combining perspectives in a mechanical way. A more effective approach to perspective taking is to ensure that team members see one another making the effort to grapple with perspectives; that way, the team has a better chance of creating the kind of trust that leads to greater participation among members. An executive team at the Hay Group, a consulting firm, engages in the kind of deep perspective taking were describing. The team has done role-playing exercises in which members adopt othersopinions and styles of interaction. It has also used a storyboarding technique, in 83 Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Croups which each member creates a small poster representing his or her ideas. As team members will attest, these methods and others have helped the group build trust and increase participation. Regulating IndividualsEmotions Interpersonal understanding and perspective taking are two ways that groups can become more aware of their members perspectives and feelings. But just as important as awareness is the ability to regulate those emotions-to have a positive impact on how they are expressed and even on how individual team members feel. Were not talking about imposing groupthink or some other form of manipulation here-clearly, the goal must be to balance the teams cohesion with members individuality. Were simply acknowledging that people take their emotional cues from those around them. Something that seems upsetting initially can seem not so bad o r ten times worse depending on whether ones colleagues are inclined to smooth feathers or fan flames. The most constructive way of regulating team membersemotions is hy establishing norms in the group for both confrontation and caring. in a meeting where one team member arrived angry because the time and place of the meeting was very inconvenient for him. When another member announced the sacrifice the man had made to be there, and thanked him, the mans attitude turned around 180 degrees. In general, a caring orientation includes displaying positive regard, appreciation, and respect for group members through behaviors such as support, validation, and compassion. Interpersonal understanding, perspective taking, confrontation, caring-these norms build trust and a sense of group identity among members. And all of them can be established in teams where they dont arise naturally. You may ask, But is it really worth all the effort? Does it make sense to spend managerial time fostering new norms to accommodate a few prickly personalities? Of course it does. Teams are at the very foundation of an organization, and they wont work effectively without mutual trust and a common commitment to goals. Working with Group Emotions Chris couldnt believe it, but he was requesting a reassignment The team he was on was doing good work, staying on budget, and hitting all its deadlines though not always eleIt may seem illogical to suggest that an emotionally gantly. Its leader, Stan Evans, just got a promotion. So why intelligent group must engage in confrontation, but its was being on the team such a downer? At the last major stanot. Inevitably, a team member will indulge in behavior tus meeting, they should have been serving champagne -so that crosses the line, and the team must feel comfortable much had been achieved. Instead, everyone was thoroughly calling the foul. In one manufacturing team we studied, dispirited over a setback they hadnt foreseen, which turned a member told us about the day she selfishly decided to out later to be no big deal. It seemed no matter what hapextend her break. Before long, one of her teammates pened, the group griped. The team even saw Stans promostormed into the break room, saying, What are you dotion in a negative light: Oh, so I guess management wants ing in here? Get back out on the floor-your team needs to keep a closer eye on us and I hear Stans new boss you! The woman had overstepped tbe bounds, and doesnt back this project. Chris she got called on it. There were had a friend on another team no hard feelings, because the woman knew the group valued Inevitably, a team member will who was happy to put in a good word for him. The work was inher contributions. indulge in behavior that crosses herently less interesting but hey, Some teams also find that a at le ast they were having fun. little bumor helps when pointing out errant behavior. Teasing Some teams suffer because someone who is habitually late they arent aware of emotions comfortable calling the foul. or meetings, for instance, can at the group level. Chriss team, make that person aware of how for instance, isnt aware of all it has achieved, and it doesnt acknowledge that it has fallen important timeliness is to the group. Done right, coninto a malaise. !n our study of effective teams, weve frontation can be seen in a positive light; its a way for found tbat having norms for group self-awareness-of the group to say, We want you in-we need your conemotional states, strengths and weaknesses, modes of intribution. And its especially important when a team teraction, and task processes-is a critical part of group must work together on a long-term assignment. Without emotional intelligence tbat facilitates group efficacy. confrontation, disruptive behavior can fester and erode Teams ga in it both through self-evaluation and by solicita sense of trust in a team. ing feedback from others. Establishing norms that reinforce caring behavior is often not very difficult and usually a matter of concenSelf-evaluation can take tbe form of a formal event trating on little things. When an individual is upset, for or a constant activity. At Sberwin Williams, a group of example, it may make all the difference to have group managers was starting a new initiative that would require members acknowledge that persons feelings. We saw this higher levels of teamwork. Group members hired a con- the line, and the team mustfeel 84 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups sultant, but before the consultant arrived, they met to assess their strengths and weaknesses as a team. They found that merely articulating the issues was an important step toward building their capabilities. A far less formal method of raising group emotional awareness is through the kind of activity we saw at the Veterans Health Administrations Center for Leadership and Development. Managers there have developed a norm in which they are encouraged to speak up when they feel the group is not being productive. For example, if theres a post-lunch lull and people on the team are low on energy, someone might say, Dont we look like a bunch of sad sacks? With attention called to it, the group makes an effort to refocus. Emotionally competent teams dont wear blinders; they have the emotional capacity to face potentially difficult information and actively seek opinions on their task processes, progress, and performance from the outside. For some teams, feedback may come directly from customers. Others look to colleagues within the company, to suppliers, or to professional peers. A group of de signers we studied routinely posts its work in progress on walls throughout the building, with invitations to comment and critique. Similarly, many advertising agencies see annual industry competitions as a valuable source of feedback on their creative teams work. Croups are most creative when their members collaborate unreservedly. People stop holding back when there is mutual trust, rooted in emotionally intelligent interactions. Regulating Group Emotions Many teams make conscious efforts to build team spirit. Team-building outings, whether purely social or Outward Bound-style physical challenges, are popular methods for building this sense of collective enthusiasm. Whats going on here is that teams and their leaders recognize they can improve a teams overall attitude-that is, they are regulating group-level emotion. And while the focus of a team-building exercise is often not directly related to a groups actual work, the benefits are highly relevant: teams come away with higher emotional capacity and thus a greater ability to respond to emotional challenges. The most effective teams we have studied go far beyond the occasional ropes and rocks off-site. They have established norms that strengthen their ability to respond MARCH 2001 ffectively to the kind of emotional challenges a group confronts on a daily basis. The norms they favor accomplish three main things: they create resources for working with emotions, foster an affirmative environment, and encourage proactive problem solving. Teams need resources that all members can draw on to deal with group emotions. One important resource is a common vocabulary. To use an example, a group member at the Veterans Health Administration picked up on another members bad mood and told him that he was just cranky today. The cranky term stuck and became the groups gentle way of letting someone know that their negativity was having a bad effect on the group. Other resources may include helpful ways to vent frustrations. One executive team leader we interviewed described his teams practice of making time for a wailing wall a few minutes of whining and moaning about some setback. Releasing and acknowledging those negative emotions, 85 Building the Emotional Intelligence of Croups the leader says, allows the group to refocus its attention on the parts of the situation it can control and channel its energy in a positive direction. But sometimes, venting takes more than words. Weve seen more than one intense workplace outfitted with toys like soft projectile shooters-that have been used in games of cube warfare. Perhaps the most obvious way to build emotional capacity through regulating team-level emotion is simply to create an affirmative environment. Everyone values a team that, when faced with a challenge, responds with a can-do attitude. Again, its a question of having the right group norms-in this case, favoring optimism, and positive images and interpretations over negative ones. This doesnt always come naturally to a team, as one executive we interviewed at the Hay Group knows. When external conditions create a cycle of negativity among group members, he takes it upon himself to change the atmosphere of the group. He consciously resists the temptation to join the complaining and blaming and instead tries to reverse the cycle with a positive, constructive note. One of the most powerful norms we have seen for building a groups ability to respond to emotionally challenging situations is an emphasis on proactive problem solving. We saw a lot of this going on in a manufacturing team we observed at AMP Corporation. Much of what this team needed to hit its targets was out of its strict control. But rather than sit back and point fingers, the team worked hard to get what it needed from others, and in some cases, took matters into its own hands. In one instance, an alignment problem in a key machine was creating faulty products. The team studied the problem and approached the engineering group with its own suggested design for a part tbat might correct the problem. The device worked, and the number of defective products decreased significantly. Building Norms for Three Levels of Group Emotional Intelligence Group emotional intelligence is about the small acts that make a big difference. It is not about a team member working all night to meet a deadline; it is about saying thank you for doir)g so. It is not about in-depth discussion of ideas; it is about asking a quiet member for his thoughts. It is not about harmony, lack of tension, and all members liking each other; it is about acknowledging when harmony is false, tension is unexpressed, and treating others witb respect. The following sidebar outlines some of the small things tbat groups can do to establisb tbe norms that build group emotional intelligence. take them down a notch. And what was with that name, anyway? Some kind ofinsidejoke, Jim guessed. Too bad nobody else got it The last kind of emotional intelligence any high-performing team should have relates to cross-boundary relationships, just as individuals should be mindful of their own emotions and others, groups should look both inward and outward emotionally. In the case of the Bugs, This kind of problem solving is valuable for many reathe team is acting like a clique creating close emotional sons. It obviously serves the company by removing one ties within but ignoring the feelings, needs, and conmore obstacle to profitability. But, to the point of our cerns of important individuals and teams in the broader work, it also shows a team in control of its own emotions. organization. It refused to feel powerless and was eager to take charge. Some teams have developed norms that are particularly helpful in making them aware of the broader organizational context. One practice is to have various team members act as liaisons to important constituencies. Many Jim sighed. The Bugs team was at it agair. Didnt they see teams are already made up of members drawn from different parts of an organization, so a cross-boundary perthat while they were high-fiving one another over their impressive productivity, the rest of the organization was paying spective comes naturally. Others need to work a little harder. One team we studied reahzed it would be imfor it? This time, in their self-managed wisdom, theyd deportant to understand the perspective of its labor union. ided to make a three monthssupply of one component. No Consequently, a team member from HR went to some changeover meant no machine downtime and a record low lengths to discover the right channels for having a union cost per unit But now the group downstream was swamped with inventory it didnt need and worried about shortages of member appointed to the group. A cross-boundary perspective is esp ecially important in situations where a something else. Jim braced himself for his visit to the floor. eams work will have significant impact on others in The Bugs didnt take criticism well; they seemed to think they were flawless and that everyone else was just trying to the organization for example, where a team is asked to Working with Emotions Outside the Group 86 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups Individual Interpersonal Understanding 1. Take time away from group tasks to get to know one another. 2. Have a check in at the beginning of the meeting that is, ask how everyone is doing. 3. Assume that undesirable behavior takes place for a reason. Find out what that reason is. Ask questions and listen. Avoid negative attributions. 4. Tell your teammates what youre thinking and how youre feeling. Perspective Taking 1. Ask whether everyone agrees with a decision. 2. Ask quiet members what they think. 3. Question decisions that come too quickly. 4. Appoint a devils advocate. Group Team Self-Evaluation 1. Schedule time to examine team effectiveness. 2. Create measurable task and process objectives and then measure them. 3. Acknowledge and discuss group moods. 4. Communicateyour sense of what is transpiring in the team. 5. Allow members to call a process check. (For instance, a team member might say, Process check: is this the most effective use of our time right now? ) Seeking Feedback 1. Askyourcustomershowyou are doing. 2. Post your work and invite comments. 3. Benchmark your processes. Cross-Boundary Organizational Understanding 1. Find out the concerns and needs of others in the organization. 2. Consider who can influence the teams ability to accomplish its goals. 3. Discuss the culture and politics inthe organization. 4. Ask whether proposed team actions are congruent with the organizations culture and politics. Norms That Create Awareness of Emotions Norms That Help Regulate Emotions Confrortting 1. Set ground rules and use them to point out errant behavior. 2. Call members on errant behavior. 3. Create playful devices for pointing out such behavior. These often emerge from the group spontaneously. Reinforce them. Caring 1. Support members: volunteer to help them if they need it, be flexible, and provide emotional support. 2. Validate members contributions. Let members know they are valued. 3. Protect members from attack. 4. Respect individuality and differences in perspectives. Listen. 3. Never be derogatory or demeaning. Creating Resources for Working with Emotion 1. Make time to discuss difficult issues, and address the emotions that surround them. 2. Find creative, shorthand ways to acknowledge and express the emotion in the group. 3. Create fun ways to acknowledge and relieve stress and tension. 4. Express acceptance of members emotions. Creating an Affirmative Environment 1. Reinforce that the team can meet a challenge. Be optimistic. For example, say things like, We can get through this orNothing will stop us 2. Focus on what you can control. 3. Remind members of the groups important and positive mission. 4. Remind the group how it solved a similar problem before. 5. Focus on problem solving, not blaming. Solving Problems Proactively 1. Anticipate problems and address them before they happen. 2. Take the initiative to understand and get what you need to be effective. 3. Do ityourself if others arent responding. Rely on yourself, not others. Building External Relationships 1. Create opportunities for networking and interaction. 2. Ask about the needs of other teams. 3. Provide support for other teams. 4. Invite others to team meetings if they might have a stake in what you are doing. MARCH 2001 87 Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups design an intranet to serve everyones needs. Weve seen gaining the confidence of outsiders, adopting an ambasmany situations in which a team is so enamored of its so- sadorial role instead of an isolationist one. lution that it is caught completely by surprise when othA manufacturing team we saw at KoSa displayed very ers in the company dont share its enthusiasm. high social skills in working with its maintenance team. It recognized that, when problems occurred in the plant, Some of the most emotionally intelligent teams we the maintenance team often had many activities on its have seen are so attuned to their broader organizational plate. All things being equal, what would make the maincontext that it affects how they frame and communicate tenance team consider this particular manufacturing their own needs and accomplishments. A team at the group a high priority? Knowing a good relationship chemical-processing company KoSa, for example, felt it would be a factor, the manufacturing team worked hard needed a new piece of manufacturing equipment, but seto build good ties with the maintenance people. At one nior management wasnt so sure the purchase was a pripoint, for instance, the manufacturing team showed its ority. Aware that the decision makers were still on the appreciation by nominating the maintenance team for fence, the team decided to emphasize the employee safety Team of the Quarter recognition-and then doing all benefits of the new machine-just one aspect of its desirthe letter writing and behind-the-scenes praising that ability to them, but an issue of paramount importance to management. At a plant safety meeting attended by high- would ultimately help the maintenance team win. In turn, the manufacturing teams good relationship with level managers, they made the case that the equipment maintenance helped it become one of the highest prothey were seeking would greatly reduce the risk of injury ducers in the plant. to workers. A few weeks later they got it. Sometimes, a team must be particularly aware of the needs and feelings of another group witbiin the organizaA Model for Group Emotional tion. We worked with an information technology comIntelligence pany where the hardware engineers worked separately from the software engineers to achieve the same goalWeve been discussing the need for teams to learn to faster processing and fewer crashes. Each could achieve channel emotion effectively at the three levels of human only so much independently. When finally a hardware interaction important to them: team to individual memteam leader went out of bis way to build relationships ber, team to itself, and team to outside entities. Together, with the software people, the two teams began to coopthe norms weve been exploring help groups work with erate and together, they achieved 20% to 40% higher per- emotions productively and intelligently. Often, groups formance than had been targeted. with emotionally intelligent members have norms like these in place, but its unlikely any group would unconThis kind of positive outcome can be facilitated by sciously come up with all the norms we have outhned. norms that encourage a group to recognize the feelIn other words, this is a model for group emotional intelings and needs of other groups. We saw effective norms ligence that any work team for interteam awareness at a could benefit from by applying division of AMP, where each it deliberately. Nee seen many situations manufacturing team is responsible for a step in the manufacWhat would the ultimate in which a team is so enamored emotionally intelligent team turing process and they need one another to complete the look like? Closest to the ideal of its solution that it is caught product on time. Team leaders are some of the teams weve there meet in the morning to completely by surprise when seen at IDEO, the celebrated understand the needs, resources, industrial design firm. IDEOs and schedules of each team. If others in the company dont creative teams are responsible one team is ahead and another for the look and feel of products share its enthusiasm. is behind, they reallocate relike Apples first mouse, the sources. Members of the faster Crest toothpaste tube, and the team help the team thats behind and do so in a friendly Palm V personal digital assistant. Thefirmroutinely wins way that empathizes with their situation and builds the competitions for the form and function of its designs and relationship. even has a business that teaches creative problem-solving techniques to other companies. Most of the examples weve been citing show teams that are not only aware of but also able to influence outThe nature of IDEOs work calls for high group emosiders needs and perspectives. This ability to regulate tional intelligence. Under pressure of client deadlines and emotion at the cross-boundary level is a groups version of budget estimates, the company must deliver innovative, the social skills so critical to individual emotional intel- aesthetic solutions that balance human needs with engiligence. It involves developing external relationships and neering realities. Its a deep philosophical belief at IDEO 88 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Croups that great design is best accomplished through the crerelationships with those individuals and groups. On disative friction of diverse teams and not the solitary pursuit play at IDEO is a curious model: a toy truck with plastic of brilliant individuals, so its imperative that the teams at pieces on springs that pop out of the bed of the truck IDEO click. In our study of those teams, we found group when a button is pressed. It turns out the model comnorms supporting emotional intelligence at all three levmemorates an incident that taught a variety of lessons. ls ofour model. The story centers on a design team that had been working for three weeks on a very complex plastic enclosure First, the teams at IDEO are very aware of individual for a product. Unfortunately, on team members emotions, and the Thursday before a Monday they are adept at regulating A team can have everything client deadline, when an engithem. For example, an IDEO deneer was taking it to be painted, signer became very frustrated going for it-the brightest and it slipped from his pickup bed because someone from marketand exploded on ing was insisting a logo be apmost qualified people, access to 70 mph. The team the road at was willing plied to the designers product, to work through the weekend to which he felt would ruin it visuresources, a clear mission but rebuild the part but couldnt finally. At a meeting about the prodish it without the help of the still fail because it lacks group uct, the teams project leader outside fabricator it had used picked up on the fact that someemotional intelligence. on the original. Because they thing was wrong. The designer had taken the time to build a was sitting off by himself, and things didnt look right. The project leader looked into the situation and then initiated a negotiation that led to a mutual solution. IDEO team members also confront one another when they break norms. This is common during brainstorming sessions, where the rule is that people must defer judgment and avoid shooting down ideas. If someone breaks that norm, the team comes down on him in a playful yet forceful way {imagine being pelted by foam toys). Or if someone is ou t of line, the norm is to stand up and call her on it immediately. If a client is in the room, the confrontation is subtler- perhaps a kick under the chair. Teams at IDEO also demonstrate strengths in groupfocused emotional intelligence. To ensure they have a high level of self-awareness, teams constantly seek feedback from both inside and outside the organization. Most important, they work very closely with customers. If a design is not meeting customer expectations, the team finds out quickly and takes steps to modify it. Regulating group emotion at IDEO often means providing outlets for stress. This is a company that believes in playing and having fun. Several hundred finger blasters (a toy that shoots soft projectiles) have been placed around the building for employees to pick up and start shooting when theyre frustrated. Indeed, the design firms culture welcomes the expression of emotions, so its not uncommon for someone whether happy or angryto stand up and yell. IDEO has even created fun office projects that people can work on ifthey need a break. For example, they might have a project to design the company holiday card or to design the tourist stop displays seen by visitors. Finally, IDEO teams also have norms to ensure they are aware of the needs and concerns of people outside their boundaries and that they use that awareness to develop tWARCH 2 0 0 1 good relationship with the fabricator, its people were willing to go above and beyond the call of duty. The lighthearted display was a way for teammates to show the engineer that all was forgiven-and a reminder to the rest of the organization of how a team in crisis can get by with a little help from its friends. Where Do Norms Come From? Not every company is as dependent on teams and their emotional intelligence as IDEO. But now more than ever, we see companies depending on teams for decisions and tasks that, in another time, would have been the work of individuals. And unfortunately, we also see them discovering that a team can have everything going for it-the brightest and most qualified people, access to resources, a clear mission-but still fail because it lacks group emotional intelligence. Norms that build trust, group identity, and group efficacy are the key to making teams click. They allow an otherwise highly skilled and resourced team to fulfill its potential, and they can help a team faced with substantial challenges achieve surprising victories. So how do norms as powerful as the ones weve described in this article come about? In our research, we saw them being introduced from any of five basic directions: by formal team leaders, by informal team leaders, by courageous followers, through training, or ft-om the larger organizational culture. (For more on how to establish the norms described in this article, see the sidebarBuilding Norms for Three Levels of Group Emotional Intelligence. ) At the Hay Group, for example, it was the deliberate action of a team leader that helped one group see the importance of emotions to the groups overall effectiveness. Because this particular group was composed of managers 89 Building ttie Emotional Intelligence of Groups from many different cultures, its leader knew he couldnt assume all the members possessed a high level of interpersonal understanding. To establish that norm, he introduced novelties like having a meeting without a tahle, using smaller groups, and conducting an inventory of team membersvarious learning styles. Interventions like these can probably be done only by a formal team leader. The ways informal leaders or other team members enhance emotional intelligence are typically more subtle, though often just as powerful. Anyone might advance the cause, for example, by speaking up if the group appears to be ignoring an important perspective or feeling-or simply by doing his or her part to create an affirmative environment. Training courses can also go a long way toward increasing emotional awareness and showing people how to regulate emotions. We know of many companies that now focus on emotional issues in leadership development courses, negotiation and communication workshops, and employee-assistance programs like those for stress management. These training programs can sensitize team members to the importance of establishing emotionally intelligent norms. Finally, perhaps more than anything, a team can be influenced by a broader organizational culture that recognizes and celebrates employee emotion. This is clearly the case at IDEO and, we believe, at many of the companies creating the greatest value in the new economy. Unfortu- nately, its the most difficult piece ofthe puzzle to put in place at companies that dont already have it. For organizations with long histories of employees checking their emotions at the door, change will occur, if at all, one team at a time. Becoming Intelligent About Emotion The research presented in this article arosefromone simple imperative: in an era of teamwork, its essential to figure out what makes teams work. Our research shows that, just like individuals, the most effective teams are emotionally intelligent ones-and that any team can attain emotional intelligence. In this article, weve attempted to lay out a model for positive change, containing the most important t3pes of norms a group can create to enhance its emotional intelligence. Teams, like all groups, operate according to such norms. By working to establish norms for emotional awareness and regulation at all levels of interaction, teams can build the solid foundation of trust, group identity, and group efficacy they need for true cooperation and collaboration-and high performance overall. 9 Reprint R0103E To order reprints, see the last page of Executive Summaries. To further explore the topic of this article, go to www. hbr. org/explore. (A^^l^ j-iywi 1 Im in a rut They throw the ball, I bring it back. They throw it again, I bring it back again. Whats the point of it ail? 90 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW